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A view of the central electrodes (middle), just four inches across, where the LPP team has now confirmed strong confinement in addition to high energies. |
 LPP's Dense Plasma Fusion in its experimental chamber. |
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MIDDLESEX, NEW JERSEY, USA -- Focus Fusion by Lawrenceville Plasma Physics LLC (LPP) was the first technology to make it into the Top 100 Clean Energy Technologies
listing back in November 2005 when we first launched the New Energy Congress for reviewing and prioritizing breakthrough clean energy technologies.
The promise of their technology is amazing, and now they've achieved yet another milestone,
proving billion degree plasma confinement a feat that will be published in the Journal of Fusion Energy.
Focus fusion technology entails hydrogen and boron combining into helium, while giving off tremendous amounts of energy in the process, without any radioactive waste.
According to the interview
I did with inventor Eric Lerner back in 2005, which was featured at Slashdot, this technology could give birth to a non-polluting power plant the size of a local gas station that would quietly and safely power 4,000 homes, for a few tenths of a penny per kilowatt-hour, compared to 4-6 cents/kw-h of coal or natural-gas-powered plants. One technician could operate two dozen of these stations remotely. The fuel, widely available, is barely spent in the clean fusion method, and would only need to be changed annually.
The size and power output would make it ideal for providing localized power, reducing transmission losses and large-grid vulnerabilities. The cost and reliability would make it affordable for developing nations and regions.
New Energy Congress founding advisor, and US patent office reviewer, Dr. Thomas Valone, of Integrity Research Institute calls it "the most ideal fusion project," and he even points to it as the most feasible, but neglected, energy technology in general.
Lerner was a guest speaker at Google Tech talks in October of 2007. (Ref.)
Last week they announced in a press release (excerpt):
In a breakthrough in the effort to achieve controlled fusion energy, a research team at Lawrenceville Plasma Physics, Inc. announced that they have demonstrated the confinement of ions with energies in excess of 100 keV (the equivalent of a temperature of over 1 billion degrees C) in a dense plasma. They achieved this using a compact fusion device called a dense plasma focus (DPF), which fits into a small room and confines the plasma with powerful magnetic fields produced by the currents in the plasma itself. Reaching energies over 100 keV is important in achieving a long-sought goal of fusion researchto burn hydrogen-boron fuel. Hydrogen-boron, (also known by its technical abbreviation, pB11) is considered the ideal fusion fuel, since it produces energy in the form of charged particles that can be directly converted to electricity. This could dramatically cut the cost of electricity generation and eliminate all production of radioactive waste.
I phoned Lerner to ask about his development, since
they had announced billion-degree temperatures previously. He said that
critics had said that the previous set-up could not rule out the possibility
that this temperature was merely a function of the beam they were
creating. The new results show definitively that "confinement"
is indeed happening, and is the source of the temperature, which is a key
attribute needed to develop a practical commercial reactor.
Yesterday, LPP announced:
The focus fusion effort received good news from the academic world today with the acceptance of an article by LPP's science team by the peer-reviewed Journal of Fusion Energy. The article, titled "Theory and experimental program for p-B11 Fusion with the Dense Plasma Focus," was authored by LPP lead scientist Eric J. Lerner and LPP senior scientists Dr. S. Krupakar Murali and Dr. Abdelmoula Haboub. The article is particularly significant as the first peer-reviewed publication of the basic theory guiding LPP's pursuit of useful fusion energy from the dense plasma focus, as well as featuring the first experimental results from the team's Focus Fusion-1 experimental device in Middlesex, NJ.
Lerner told me that the experimental phase is taking
longer than they had projected. The anticipated two years will be more
like three, and is expected to be completed at the end of 2011. He then
anticipates that the development phase will take another three years, assuming
adequate funding.
Once in the marketplace, he expects that a 5 megawatt plant using this
technology would cost around $300,000 once mass produced. That's $0.3 per
installed watt of clean, non-polluting, energy from a clean, cheap, virtually
inexhaustible fuel source.
Here are a couple of videos that illustrate the Dense Plasma Focus process.
What is the dense plasma focus, and how does it work to achieve nuclear fusion? Could it be used to achieve net energy? (YouTube / FocusFusionSociety; November 12, 2009) |
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Animation of how Dense Plasma Focus Clean small scale Nuclear Fusion Energy works. (YouTube / FocusFusionSociety; October 19, 2009) |
Their site has a page featuring various photos of the device.
The following is taken from a story we published in 2005:
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Focus fusion is not
"fission." As stated on the focus fusion website: "A
fission reactor is the type of nuclear reactor we are all used to, and these use
chain reactions which can lead to meltdown. They also have problems with
radioactive waste." Focus fusion has no such problems.
Lerner has been pulling together the theoretical basis for this technology for
two decades. Since 1994 he has been able to secure funding, beginning with a
grant from NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. That initial grant enabled him to
test key components of his theory. Though that funding has dried up apparently
due to cuts in NASA's propulsion research, Lerner has been able to land ongoing
funding to keep the research advancing.
It is no wonder that NASA would be interested, inasmuch as the modeling predicts
that a craft using Lerner's technology could reach Mars in just two weeks.
The ionic particles would be escaping out the rocket nozzle at 10,000 kilometer
per second, compared to the 2 km/s of present rocket propellant.
Efficiency and Safety
In the case of electricity generation, the speeding ionic particles would be
coupled directly to the generation of electricity through a beam of ions being
coupled by a high tech transformer into currents that are fed to capacitors,
which would both pulse the energy back through the device to keep the process
going, as well as send excess energy out for use on the grid.
This direct coupling is one of the primary advantages of this technology. It
sidesteps the centuries-old approach of converting water to steam in order to
drive turbines and generators. That process accounts for 80% of the total
capital costs required in a typical power plant. By going straight from the
fusion energy to electricity, Lerner's fusion process eliminates that need
altogether, enabling streamlining of the process and a much smaller size to
achieve equivalent power output.
And his device could be fired up and shut off with the flip of a switch, with no
damaging radiation, no threat of meltdown, and no possibility of explosions. It
is an all-or-nothing, full-bore or shut-off scenario. Because it can be shut off
and turned on so easily, a bank of these could easily accommodate whatever
surges and ebbs are faced by the grid on a given day, without wasting unused
energy from non-peak times into the environment, which is the case with much of
the grids energy at present. (Ref.)
How the Theoretical Focus Fusion Reactor Works
The proposed focus-fusion reactor involves two components: the
hydrogen-boron fuel, and a plasma focus device. The combination of these into
the focus-fusion process is the invention of Eric Lerner.
The plasma-focus technology has been well established elsewhere, and has a
forty-year track record. Invented in 1964, the Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) device
is used in many types of research. (Ref.)
As described on the Focus Fusion website, the DPF device consists of two
cylindrical copper or beryllium
electrodes nested inside each other. The outer electrode is generally no more
than six to seven inches in diameter and a foot long. The electrodes are
enclosed in a vacuum chamber with a low-pressure gas (the fuel
for the reaction) filling the space between them. [Update: their outer
electrodes are only 4 inches in diameter, as shown in the photos above.]
.
The Dense Plasma Focus device is
roughly the size of a coffee can.
Next comes the fuel. The gas Lerner plans to use in the DPF is a
mixture of Hydrogen and Boron. Their site gives an explanation of the
research steps needed to use this type of fuel with the DPF. (Ref1;
Ref2.)
According to their site, the way the proposed focus fusion reactor would work is
as follows:
A pulse of electricity from a capacitor bank is discharged across the electrodes. For a few millionths of a second, an intense current flows from the outer to the inner electrode through the gas. This current starts to heat the gas and creates an intense magnetic field.
Guided by its own magnetic field, the current forms itself into a thin sheath of tiny filaments -- little whirlwinds of hot, electrically-conducting gas called plasma.
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Picture of plasma filaments: |
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| Schematic drawing of plasma filaments: |
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| Photo of hot plasma vortex filaments |
 Hot
plasma vortex filaments pinched together by their own magnetic fields in
a plasma focus fusion device.Photo taken by Winston Bostick & Victorio Nardi using an exposure time of a few nanoseconds. (Ref) |
This sheath travels to the end of the inner electrode where the magnetic fields produced by the currents pinch and twist the plasma into a tiny, dense ball only a few thousandths of an inch across called a plasmoid. All of this happens without being guided by external magnets.
The magnetic fields very quickly collapse, and these changing magnetic fields induce an electric field which causes a beam of electrons to flow in one direction and a beam of ions (atoms that have lost electrons) in the other. The electron beam heats the plasmoid, thus igniting fusion reactions which add more energy to the plasmoid. So in the end, the ion and electron beams contain more energy than was input by the original electric current.
These beams of charged particles are directed into decelerators which act like particle accelerators in reverse. Instead of using electricity to accelerate charged particles they decelerate charged particles and to produce electricity. (Ref. The above quote was slightly edited.)
Some of this electricity is recycled to power the next fusion pulse, at a
frequency expected to be optimal at around 1000 times per second. The
excess energy from each pulse is available as net energy, and is output as product
electricity from the fusion power plant for sale to the grid or will be,
once this is all proven and implemented.
X-Ray Shielding
While the process would not create residual radioactivity, it does give off
strong x-ray emissions, which can be harnessed by a high-tech photoelectric cell
for additional energy capture in a process similar to a photovoltaic solar
cell. The primary difference is in the concentration of particles.
"Solar energy is diffuse," said Lerner, explaining that the focus
fusion process would be highly concentrated: 10,000 kilowatts per
square meter, compared to 1 kw / m2 with solar. So the
cost-to-yield ratio would be extremely favorable in the case of the x-ray energy
capture.
There will also need to be shielding from the pulsing electromagnetic fields
generated by the reactor.
In addition to x-rays, the process would also yield "low energy
neutrons", Lerner said. These would not produce long-lived
radioactivity, but at most would only produce "extremely short-lived
elements with very short half-lives. Only 1/500th of the total energy
would be carried by the neutrons."
"You could walk into the facility a second after turning it off, and would
not be able to detect any radiation above background," he said. The
materials of which the reactor and facility are constructed would not build up
any radioactivity either, even over time.
For safety, Lerner said that a layer of lead and a layer of boron shielding
surrounding the reactor would be adequate protection for the focus fusion plant.
As for possible accidents with the reactor, there is "not really anything
that could go wrong," and, because of the way the reaction stops
immediately, "there is [no possibility] for runaway." Lerner affirms,
"It's 100% safe."
Some heat is vented into the environment, but it is not to such an extent that a
generating plant could not be situated in a neighborhood, such as where
substations presently are located.
About the worst thing that could happen would be a capacitor failure, but that
would not even damage the building, he said.
Of course there are always the risks of electrocution, and shorting-out hazards
associated with electricity, but those would be present in any power-plant
situation.
Remember, with this technology, on-site personnel are not needed on a daily
basis, reducing the exposure of persons to such hazards. Maintenance would
be rare. One technician could operate a dozen facilities by him or
herself.
Politics and Present Status
Imagine! At the flip of a switch, going from
room temperature (or from the temperature of boiling water in the case of the
liquid decaborane fuel), all the way up to a billion degrees, and then up to 6
billion degrees, all in a fraction of a second; then with another flip of the
switch, when you are done, going back down to ambient temperature. And in
the interim, you have produced excess energy from fusion -- safely, cleanly.
Part of that theoretical equation has been proven. Part has yet to be
proven. [Update: now proven.]
Lerner credits the field of astrophysics as playing a significant role in
serendipitously developing much of the theoretical basis behind focus fusion,
due to the parallels between neutron star research and plasma physics.
Mary-Sue Haliburton, chief editor for PESN, points
out that the plasma filaments in the plasma focus are a microcosmic version of
the Birkeland currents visible in the sun's corona, as well as in interstellar
and even intergalactic space. (Ref
- site shows photo of Birkeland current in sun's corona.)
Based on his focus-fusion research done through the grant from JPL at the
University of Illinois, his subsequent research at Texas A&M University, and
research done at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Lerner et al. have
proven the ability to attain, and even to surpass, the billion degree benchmark.
(Ref)
Coming to a Car Near You?
Lerner said that the applications of this technology will be limited on the
smaller end to local power-plant-sized operations for the near future, and that
putting one of these in your garage or in your car will be years yet into the
future. Miniaturization is a long-term dream that is sure to be achieved as the
technology takes hold, just as it has in other industries such as computers and
batteries.
# # #
SOURCES
CONTACTS:
Lawrenceville Plasma Physics Inc.
40 Ridge Drive
Berkeley Heights, NJ 07922
Phone: (732) 356-5900
Fax: (732) 377 0381
For email, lpp@lawrencevilleplasmaphysics.com
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See alsoResources at PESWiki.com
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| Page composed by Sterling
D. Allan Jan. 7, 2011 Last updated July 12, 2011
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