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Conceptual drawing of a magnecule formed from two atoms whose electron orbits have become flattened from the magnetic force found within a powerful electric arc. |
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PALM HARBOR, FLORIDA, USA -- Originally fuelled by DOE grants, Dr. Rugerro
Santilli has pioneered what could be a new field of atom-combining that is
magnetic in nature, not based on valence chemical bonding which forms molecules.
The process appears to have tremendous ramifications for enabling fuel to be
produced from waste -- locally, anywhere, and with "sustainable
emissions." Though not without its skeptics, the technology has
nearly advanced to the point where it is ready for wide-scale implementation.
Introducing the Magnecule
Dr. Santilli describes what he says is a new form of matter.
An atom by itself is magnetically neutral. However, when an atom is passed
through a high-intensity arc, a localized magnetic field is created that is a
felt by the atom as being a million times stronger than the strongest magnetic
fields which can be brought to bear in a laboratory. This high-intensity,
localized magnetic field within the arc causes the electron orbit of the atoms
to flatten, which results in the atom becoming magnetically polarized, with a
north and a south pole.
Atoms thus polarized are then magnetically attracted to each other and combine
magnetically. Similar to how a loose scattering of magnets being jostled on a
table top will snap together rapidly, so will the atoms in the magnetic
environment caused by the arc combine, having the added advantage of
three-dimensional movement to come into alignment with the neighboring atoms.
When the atoms are removed from the arc, the electron orbits return to a
collectively neutral state, except that instead of single atoms, multiple
atoms are now combined magnetically into units. Santilli coined the term "magnecules"
to describe these magnetically-combined atoms. They are distinctly different
from "molecules" which form when a "valence electron" in the
outer shell of an atom links in a chemical bond with another atom, often of a
different element, to make a compound.
 Hadronic Reactor |
Santilli says that none of these chemically-bonded molecules survive repeated
passes through a high-intensity arc. All elements are reduced to their
single-atom state, in which they recombine magnetically with other atoms while
in the arc. Valence bonds are broken and replaced by magnetic bonds.
One very interesting confirmation of MagneGas is the existence in the gas of
compounds not found in molecular form: H5 (five atoms of hydrogen
joined stably), HO (one atom of hydrogen joined to one atom of oxygen), CH (one
atom of carbon joined to one atom of hydrogen) and others have been detected. In
traditional chemistry, CH has three valence openings that want to combine
immediately with something else, such as Hydrogen, to form CH4.
However, as confirmed by mass spectrometry, in MagneGas CH exists in a stable
form under a magnetic and not a valence bond.
Hadronic Chemistry
Those atoms which normally exist as a gas, will exist as a gas when combined
magnetically. Santilli calls such gas that emerges from the arc "MagneGas".
Those atoms that would not normally exist as a gas will generally not stay
magnetically combined when they emerge from the arc, but will revert to
valence-bonded, molecular forms.
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"Hadronic Chemistry" is a term coined by Santilli for this field of
magnecule research of which he is the father. Worldwide, hundreds of scientists
are pursuing this new subject, publishing as many peer-reviewed papers on the
subject. When they affectionately refer to their field of study as "Santilli
Chemistry," he corrects them to use the more descriptive term representing
the dynamics of hadrons, a general class of subatomic particles with
strong interactions.
Energy Ramifications
Like a molecule, a "magnecule" contains stored energy, which can be
released in combustion. The difference is that petrol sources are limited on the
planet, diminishing every day with use, while magnecules can be created
according to demand. Creating them on or near the location where they are needed
eliminates the need for fuel transport.
Hence, the primary application of this new method of combining atoms is in the
field of energy. With conventional fuels, breaking valence bonds in a combustive
process is difficult and highly inefficient. "You're lucky if you can use
more than 40% of petrol, the remainder exiting unburned in the exhaust",
says Santilli. However, MagneGas, which consists of magnetically-combined atoms,
"yields 100% of its energy in the combustion process".
As a fuel, MagneGas is most analogous to hydrogen gas, except that it is more
dense and therefore can be more readily compacted.
 Using technology that enables a car to run on either natural gas or gasoline, this Chevrolet Suburban 1992 SUV can also run on MagneGas. |
In practice MagneGas more closely resembles Natural Gas (methane or CH4), and
can be used interchangeably in vehicles that run on natural gas. In California,
for example, there are at present 30,000 natural-gas vehicles which could also
be powered by MagneGas with no need for retrofitting. One gallon of gasoline is
equivalent to 124 cubic feet of Natural Gas. Depending on the input liquid from
which the MagneGas was derived, 150 - 180 cubic feet of MagneGas would also do
the same work as a gallon of gasoline.
Tai Robinson,
President of Intergalactic Hydrogen, and member of the New Energy Congress, says
that existing vehicles can be fitted to run both on gasoline and on natural gas.
It entails the installation of pressurized tanks, and another set of injectors
on the intake manifold, but the fuels are interchangeable. However,
without further modifications, a vehicle powered by Natural Gas, while having
15% better fuel economy, also has 20% less power. Additional modifications
can be made, such as by adding a plasma booster to the spark, and increasing the
compression, so that the engine is actually 20% more powerful than before, but
it can no longer run on gasoline. Diesel engines must be modified as well
before they can run on Natural Gas.
Designer Emissions
The primary difference between MagneGas and other fuels, according to Santilli,
is in the emissions. As the next simplest molecule after hydrogen gas (H2),
natural gas is known for being one of the most clean-burning fuels. Yet MagneGas
burns even more cleanly. Furthermore, the emissions of MagneGas can be
engineered according to how the MagneGas is created in the first place. These
emissions can be designed to match the ideal environmental make-up -- the
combination of Oxygen and CO2 that will be the most conducive to
ecological well-being. If you want to increase O2, then you modify
the input feedstock to give that end result.
As an input stream, for example, one part of oil waste would be combined with
two parts water in order for the emissions from the resulting MagneGas to have
the proper ratios of O2 and CO2 to sustain a breathable
atmosphere.
Hydrogen's Hidden Hazard
Santilli stymied the Hydrogen International Conference (HY2000) in Munich,
Germany when he contributed a paper titled, "Alarming Oxygen Depletion
Caused by the Combustion of Hydrogen produced via Rigenerating Methods or
Electrolytic Separation of Water via Fossil Fueled Electric Power Plants."
(Ref.)
"You are permanently removing oxygen from the atmosphere, combining it with
hydrogen to form water," he has stated. "In an ecosphere already being
depleted of oxygen, removing yet more, at an even greater rate, is not a
solution we should be pursuing."
While a small portion of hydrogen is produced via electrolysis, liberating O2
in the process, that process is very inefficient, and is not how H2
gas is typically produced commercially. Usually is is derived from CH4
(methane), via steam reformation or oxidation, liberating CO2 as its
by-product. Hence, according to Santilli, the net process as presently
pursued results in a scavenging of breathable oxygen.
That message has not struck the consciousness of Americans yet. Far from it.
Embracing hydrogen as a "clean fuel" along with the oil industry, the
Bush Administration has given to General Motors a billion dollars to develop the
hydrogen vehicle. (Ref.)
Billions more will have to be spent on the infrastructure.
Santilli alleges that if one third of U.S. vehicles were converted to run on
hydrogen, and if (for sake of argument) that ratio were to be maintained, in
five to seven years, oxygen would be reduced by 10%. Human life would be
terminated on earth -- along with a lot of other air-breathing life-forms -- for
lack of adequate oxygen.
That is not the only downside of the proposed hydrogen economy either, says
Santilli. When it escapes into the air, hydrogen gas immediately rises upward
into the stratosphere where it spontaneously (without spark) combines with ozone
(O3) to form H2O and O2, depleting the protective ozone.
Furthermore, at least for the next few years, the main source of Hydrogen will
be petroleum. Thus this technology would not be reducing our dependence on
fossil fuels. While hydrogen can be generated using power from clean sources
such as solar or wind to power electrolysis, the volumes necessary for
large-scale transportation would require substantial petroleum sources, at first
-- and probably indefinitely, if the oil companies get their way.
Santilli says that MagneGas can burn with greater efficiency than hydrogen, and
can be designed to yield the resulting emissions combinations that will be best
suited for life on earth. And because it can be produced locally anywhere on
earth, there will be no need for any nation to be dependent on foreign imports
and on energy-consuming long-distance shipping.
MagneGas can be regarded as a patriotic fuel in any country -- and an
environmentally sound one as well, according to Santilli.
According to Linton, since hydrogen is its primary component, MagneGas
technology can produce it ten times more efficiently than any electrolysis
process. He says hydrogen extracted from MagneGas is joined magnetically,
not covalently. Three times more dense than H2 gas, magnecule
hydrogen doesn't rise to the stratosphere where it can combine with ozone, ulike
H2. Being more dense and compact, it does not have the leakage
problems of H2, and it can be more easily stored in smaller
containers.
Compared to the burning of petroleum which emits almost no oxygen, Tthe burning
of MagneGas puts out about as much Oxygen as might be found on a
poor-air-quality day in a city.
 Industrial Linear PlasmaArcFlow Recycler showing the various usage modes.  Coagulant and automatic separation equipment are provided by Sunset Filtration Product, Inc. |
Cost Analysis
Present industrial installations of MagneGas generators have demonstrated that
it is possible to produce MagneGas at an overall cost that is less than the
Natural Gas counterpart.
As the MagneGas science is improved, the conversion methods are likely to
improve as well; and the costs could likewise drop, making MagneGas yet more
affordable. Meanwhile, petroleum products will probably continue increasing in
cost over time.
Converting vehicles to run on natural gas, so they can also run on MagneGas
requires a significant modification, both of the cars themselves and of the
existing infrastructure. While such a transition takes place, various groups
associated with Santilli are pursuing interim solutions, such as a modification
of gasoline that burns much more efficiently. To create "Hy-gasoline"
a hydrogen atom is magnetically combined, in a proprietary process, with a
gasoline molecule. This Hy-gas can be used in existing internal combustion
engines.
A future MagneGas economy would have various grades and specifications of
MagneGas composition for consumer choice. No doubt government guidelines and
mandates would be developed to specify the various ranges and require exactitude
in meeting the specifications to control resulting emissions. But unlike the oil
industry, which requires huge refinery installations to process the petroleum
hence requiring transport of the processed product over vast distances
MagneGas production can be cost-effective on a much smaller scale. Each filling
station could have its own 50kW MagneGas generator, for example. A driver could
bring in some used oil, and fill up the tank with MagneGas, paying for the
conversion service.
A great deal of MagneGas can be produced from just a little input liquid. The
input-to-output ratio is 1:1000 on average. One cubic foot of input liquid
produces 1000 cubic feet of MagneGas. That sounds like a lot, but because a gas
consists of molecules or magnecules circulating freely in air, they
obviously take up much more space than in the liquid state.
Input Streams: From Filth to Clean Energy
Essentially any liquid stream can be used to produce MagneGas. An example list
of input feedstock would include sewage, waste oil, waste radiator fluid, waste
cooking oil, liquid manure from feed-lots, and water. Oil of any kind -- crude,
refined, used -- could be fed into the input side of MagneGas creation. The
composition of the input stream will determine the composition and efficiency of
the resulting MagneGas, but all MagneGas is combustible and can be used as fuel.
Presently, animal waste from factory farms is the most cost-effective feedstock
for MagneGas production. Because this liquid manure is a particularly smelly and
offensive waste product which urgently requires better handling and disposal,
conversion to a usable and scent-free fuel ought to be welcomed by both the
agricultural industry and the nearby communities which are opposed to these
operations.
 The first completely automatic industrial 150 Kwh PlasmaArcFlow Recycler with remove control built in Spring 2001. |
Conversion is presently accomplished by feeding this highly contaminated
manure into a 100-gallon sealed system. No chemical addition is required. The
waste is re-circulated for about an hour, repeatedly passing through the
electric arc. This creates a plasma in the heat range of 10,000 to 20,000
degrees F, which is the temperature on the surface of the sun. The arc
acts similar to a spark plug in an engine, so that the heat generated is largely
from the burning of matter, not from the arc itself.
As the MagneGas is created in the arc, it is pulled off. After an hour of
processing, the odorless, completely sterilized liquid is coagulated through a
polymerization process, resulting in a carbonized substance called Hy-coal.
Santilli purports that the remaining liquid can be used as an
"organic" fertilizer, and is in process of having it analyzed by
Litchfield Analytical Services of Michigan, which specializes in fertilizer
analysis. Whether this fertilizer would be recognized as
"organic" by the biodynamic and pesticide-free farmers' associations
remains to be seen. The word "organic" has more than one meaning; it
can indicate simple the whole class of compounds based on carbon, including any
derived from petroleum that should never be used on an organic farm.
Hy-coal serves as a catalyst in coal combustion, increasing its combustion
efficiency by two-fold, while decreasing its emissions by more than half,
according to Bo Linton, President of U.S. MagneFuels.
Santilli points out five income streams for a company operating such a set-up.
First, there is the income for the Magnegas producer from farmers who pay to get
rid of the manure produced by their livestock. Second, there is sizeable income
from the liquid fertilizer. While the process could be run for much longer,
converting more of the substance into MagneGas, Santilli points out that the
economics favor the highly profitable liquid fertilizer. There is income from
the Hy-coal as well. The heat of the plasma that occurs in the process is
another potential source of revenue, though Santilli's group has not yet
implemented a method for harnessing this in their existing prototypes and
production models. Finally, of course there is the MagneGas produced, which
would be sold as a Natural-Gas-comparable fuel for transportation or heating.
Overall MagneGas can be produced from farm manure more cheaply than the cost of
a comparable amount of natural gas.
Quibbles or a Moral Quagmire?
Some environmentalists may balk at promoting the economics of using the
factory-farm manure stream as a source of MagneGas. For them, the issue is
animal comfort in such settings. The foundational premise of factory farming is
that farm animals are non-sentient. Although in law animals are in fact defined
as non-sentient, in our day some concerned citizens reject the non-sentience
spin. These people find such a premise nearly as repugnant as the holocaust
mindset that reduced humans to mere economic and scientific commodities with
absolutely no regard for human dignity.
Agribusiness continues to build and maintain factory farms, and the waste from
them continues to be a serious and smelly problem. More of the opponents don't
care about animal rights. Rather, it's their noses, not their morals, which are
offended. Animal rights activists, who might otherwise smile on
clean-energy solutions, might be concerned that the introduction of MagneGas
technology would tend to lessen the repugnance of the animal waste, thereby
increasing the viability of the factory farm industry. For those who are
tender-hearted to animal suffering, MagneGas infrastructure built on the backs
of disregarded animals would not be morally acceptable.
There is also another widespread source of liquid manure: human waste. That
would be a more widely acceptable input for MagneGas conversion. Since we all
produce this manure continuously, there isn't any need to debate about
assumptions of non-sentience! The human sewage input stream is likely to be a
welcome solution to two problems at the same time -- energy and sewage -- though
the revenue might not be as great for the company.
History of MagneGas: A Rolling Snowball?
The arc phenomenon was first discovered during the United States' Civil War,
while engineers were welding submarine craft under water. The arcs created a gas
that was flammable.
Dr. Santilli has examined that phenomenon and brought it into a practical level.
When Santilli was first approached at Harvard about doing energy research, he
objected that the field of petroleum research was saturated, and that most
avenues of improvement had already been exhausted. He wanted to explore a
completely new approach, not based on quantum mechanics and special relativity.
He wanted to be able to go outside that box and find something entirely new.
What he discovered was a new form of matter as described above. He transferred
from the Physics department to the Department of Mathematics where he could then
derive explanations for why these phenomena behaved as they did.
"Quantum mechanics works fine for processes that are reversible in time;
but we are dealing with processes irreversible in time," he explains. The
first scientific validation of the new theory came from MacLellan Air Force
base. (Ref.)
When Dr. Santilli was first publishing the results of his research which had
been made possible by five U.S. Department of Energy grants during President
Jimmy Carter's administration he so inflamed the academic community that the
grants were stopped, and he left Harvard. Since the time of his first
publication in 1978, the field has grown substantially, and is now closer to
becoming a mainstream field of study.
After 20,000 pages of scientific literature published in 60 volumes, Santilli
and his colleagues are now much closer to explaining why these systems work as
they do. The scientists have provided exhaustive experimental evidence to
validate each claim.
When Santilli left Harvard, he became President of the Institute of Basic
Research, which now coordinates the global research on the development of
various facets of the MagneGas technology and the general field of Hadronic
Chemistry.
As far as Santilli knows, no universities have Hadronic Chemistry programs
yet. However, many university professors worldwide are engaged in the
study. Were it not for the recent airline travel concerns, Dr. Santilli would be
giving the keynote address at the Imperial College in London on September 8,
2006.
He says that the acceptance of Hadronic Chemistry has been much more rapid
overseas than it has in the United States. The Wall Street Journal
interviewed him recently, but for some undisclosed reason the story never ran --
echoes of "Who Killed the Electric Car?" which examines how
determined GM was to convince people NOT to be interested in the EV product.
 Prof. Santilli testing a Ferrari 308 GTSi he converted to operate on MagneGas fuel at an event organized by the Ferrari Club of America at the Sebring International Race Track in Florida in April, 2001. |
After converting his Ferrari to run on MagneGas, Santilli sent a press
release with photos to various news organizations. No U.S. media picked it up. Auto
Week, which gets a lot of big automaker and big oil advertising, said that
the MagneGas topic would not be of interest to its readers. However, a German
paper ran it on their front page.
Part of that silence in the U.S. is due to Santilli's lying low over concerns
about safety. His recently-adopted more open approach has begun to be answered
by increased enthusiasm about his work and its ramifications. Santilli said that
the reception at a press conference his group recently held was generally
favorably by both the academic and media representatives.
As in any technology, Santilli and MagneGas are not without dissenting
views. Some of those are reflected in the feedback
section below.
# # #
SOURCES:
CONTACT:
Hadronic Press, Inc.
35246 US 19 No. # 215
Palm Harbor, FL 34684, U.S.A.
email: <info {at} magnefuels.com >
Institute for Basic Knowledge
Tel. +1-727-934 9593; Fax +1-727-934 9275
Dr. Rugerro M. Santilli
1-727-934 3448
See also
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| Page composed by Sterling
D. Allan Aug. 28, 2006 Last updated September 06, 2006 |
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